These calculators are for informational purposes only and do not constitute financial, legal, or tax advice.

These financial ratio results are educational estimates for informational purposes only. Ratios should be interpreted in the context of the specific industry, company size, and economic environment. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Not investment, accounting, or financial advice. Always consult a qualified financial professional before making investment or business decisions.

Liquidity Ratio

Quick Ratio Calculator

The Quick Ratio — also called the Acid-Test Ratio — shows whether a business can cover its short-term debts without selling inventory. This calculator instantly turns your current assets, inventory, prepaid expenses, and current liabilities into a clear liquidity signal.

Quick Ratio = (Current Assets − Inventory − Prepaid Expenses) ÷ Current Liabilities

⚡ Quick Answer: What Is the Quick Ratio?

The Quick Ratio measures a company’s ability to pay off current liabilities using only its most liquid assets — cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable — without relying on inventory sales. It’s calculated by subtracting inventory and prepaid expenses from current assets, then dividing by current liabilities. A Quick Ratio of 1.0 or higher generally signals healthy short-term liquidity.

💡 Introduction

When a business needs to cover its bills right now, not next quarter, the Quick Ratio is the number that matters most. It measures whether a company could pay off its current liabilities using only the assets that can be converted to cash almost immediately — cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable — while deliberately leaving out inventory and prepaid expenses, both of which take real time to turn into usable cash.

This ratio matters because it strips away the optimism baked into other liquidity measures. A business can look financially healthy on paper while sitting on warehouses of unsold inventory that may never move at the price recorded on the balance sheet. The Quick Ratio ignores that inventory entirely, answering a much sharper question: could this business survive a sudden cash crunch using only what’s genuinely, immediately liquid?

Who should use it: business owners tracking their own financial health, accountants preparing financial statements, financial analysts screening companies for risk, lenders evaluating creditworthiness, stock market investors assessing downside protection, and finance students learning the building blocks of liquidity analysis all rely on the Quick Ratio regularly.

What this calculator does: instead of manually pulling figures from a balance sheet and working through the subtraction and division by hand, this calculator takes your current assets, inventory, prepaid expenses, and current liabilities and instantly returns an accurate Quick Ratio — along with the context needed to interpret exactly what that number means for your specific situation.

Why investors and lenders lean on this metric so heavily: during credit reviews, loan underwriting, and investment due diligence, few single numbers cut through balance sheet noise as efficiently as the Quick Ratio. It’s a fast, standardized way to separate businesses with genuine short-term financial cushion from those whose liquidity looks stronger on paper than it would in an actual cash crunch — which is exactly why it earned the nickname “Acid-Test Ratio,” borrowed from a quick, reliable test once used to verify whether gold was genuine.

📖 What Is a Quick Ratio?

The Quick Ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term financial obligations using only assets that can be converted to cash quickly — generally within 90 days — without needing to sell inventory. It’s one of the three standard liquidity checkpoints in financial analysis, sitting between the broader Current Ratio and the stricter Cash Ratio.

Purpose: the ratio exists to answer a very specific, high-stakes question: if every current liability came due today, could this business pay it off using assets that are genuinely, immediately available — not assets that theoretically have value but might take weeks or months to actually convert into usable cash?

Why it’s called the Acid-Test Ratio: the name comes from a historical practice where prospectors and jewelers used nitric acid to quickly and reliably test whether a metal was genuine gold — a fast, no-nonsense test that couldn’t be fooled by appearances. Financial analysts adopted the phrase because the Quick Ratio performs a similarly decisive test on a company’s balance sheet, cutting through anything that merely looks liquid to find out what’s actually, provably liquid.

Importance in financial analysis: liquidity failures, not profitability failures, are what actually sink businesses in the short term. A company can be profitable on paper and still collapse because it can’t pay a supplier, meet payroll, or service a loan payment due next week. The Quick Ratio is one of the earliest, clearest warning signals available for exactly that kind of risk, which is why it appears in nearly every credit analysis, loan covenant, and equity research report touching on financial health.

Difference from the Current Ratio: the Current Ratio divides all current assets — including inventory and prepaid expenses — by current liabilities. The Quick Ratio strips both of those items out first. That single difference matters enormously for inventory-heavy businesses like retailers and manufacturers, where a healthy-looking Current Ratio can mask a much weaker underlying Quick Ratio once slow-moving inventory is removed from the picture.

Real-world relevance: during the early days of an economic downturn, businesses with strong Quick Ratios are the ones able to weather a sudden drop in sales, a supplier demanding faster payment terms, or a lender tightening credit lines. Businesses with weak Quick Ratios, by contrast, often find themselves scrambling — forced into fire-sale inventory liquidations, emergency financing at unfavorable terms, or worse. That’s precisely why lenders, investors, and savvy business owners treat this ratio as a genuine early-warning system, not just an academic exercise.

📐 Quick Ratio Formula

Quick Ratio = (Current Assets − Inventory − Prepaid Expenses) ÷ Current Liabilities

Current Assets	All assets expected to convert to cash within one year — cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, and inventory.
Inventory	Goods held for sale — subtracted out because converting it to cash takes time and carries real risk of loss.
Prepaid Expenses	Payments already made for future services (like insurance) — subtracted out because they can’t be converted back into cash.
Current Liabilities	All obligations due within one year — accounts payable, short-term debt, accrued expenses, and similar items.

✔ What Counts as “Quick Assets”

• Cash	• Accounts Receivable
• Cash Equivalents
• Marketable Securities

✘ What’s Excluded — and Why

Inventory is excluded because it must first be sold — often on credit — before it becomes cash. That process takes time and carries genuine risk: items may sell slowly, at a discount, or not at all in a downturn.

Prepaid expenses are excluded because they represent value already spent on future services, like a prepaid insurance premium. They can’t be converted back into cash to pay a current bill, so including them would overstate real liquidity.

🚀 How to Calculate the Quick Ratio

Identify current assets from the balance sheet.

Remove inventory from the current assets total.

Remove prepaid expenses from the remaining total.

Determine current liabilities — total every obligation due within one year.

Divide quick assets by current liabilities to get the raw ratio.

Interpret the result using the interpretation guide below.

🧮 Example Calculation

Consider a mid-sized business with the following balance sheet figures:

📊 Current Assets	$500,000
📦 Inventory	$150,000
📄 Prepaid Expenses	$20,000
🧾 Current Liabilities	$250,000

Quick Assets = $500,000 − $150,000 − $20,000 = $330,000

Quick Ratio = $330,000 ÷ $250,000 = 1.32

What it means: This business can cover 132% of its current liabilities using only cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable — without selling a single unit of inventory. A Quick Ratio of 1.32 falls into the “Good liquidity” range covered below, indicating a comfortable, healthy cushion above the break-even 1.0 threshold.

📏 How to Interpret the Quick Ratio

Quick Ratio	Interpretation
Below 0.5	Weak liquidity — significant risk of struggling to meet short-term obligations
0.5 – 1.0	Below break-even — some reliance on inventory or new financing may be needed
Exactly 1	Break-even — quick assets exactly match current liabilities
1 – 2	Good liquidity — a healthy, comfortable cushion above obligations
Above 2	Very strong, possibly excess idle assets that could be deployed more productively

Industry context matters. A software company with minimal inventory naturally runs a higher Quick Ratio than a manufacturer or retailer, where inventory represents a larger share of total assets. Always compare against direct industry peers rather than these general bands alone.

🔀 Quick Ratio vs Current Ratio

Feature	Quick Ratio	Current Ratio
Definition	Immediate liquidity using only quick assets	Broad liquidity using all current assets
Formula	(Current Assets − Inventory − Prepaid) ÷ Current Liabilities	Current Assets ÷ Current Liabilities
Inventory Included	No	Yes
Purpose	Worst-case, immediate liquidity test	General short-term financial position
Accuracy	More precise for inventory-heavy businesses	Can overstate liquidity if inventory is slow-moving
Best Use Cases	Credit analysis, distress scenarios, inventory-heavy sectors	General liquidity health checks
Advantages	Conservative, harder to distort with slow inventory	Simple, broadly applicable, easy to calculate
Limitations	May understate liquidity for fast-inventory-turnover businesses	Can overstate liquidity for slow-inventory-turnover businesses

✅ Advantages of Using the Quick Ratio

Measures immediate liquidity — shows the truest, most conservative test of near-term cash safety without waiting on inventory sales.

Removes less-liquid assets — strips out inventory and prepaid expenses so the result isn’t inflated by items that take time to convert to cash.

Better for lenders — gives creditors a no-assumptions view of repayment capacity before extending new credit.

Useful during economic downturns — reveals which businesses can weather a sudden sales slowdown without a cash crisis.

Helps compare businesses — standardizes liquidity comparisons even across companies with very different inventory levels.

Assesses short-term solvency — answers whether a business can meet obligations due in the next few months, not just eventually.

Supports investment decisions — helps investors gauge downside protection before committing capital.

Improves financial planning — gives management a clear benchmark for treasury and working capital decisions.

Identifies cash flow risk — flags businesses that look solvent on paper but could struggle in a genuine cash crunch.

Enhances credit analysis — a standard input in loan underwriting and bond covenant reviews across industries.

⚠️ Limitations of the Quick Ratio

Ignores cash timing — receivables counted as “quick” may still take 30, 60, or 90 days to actually collect.

Industry differences — comparing Quick Ratios across unrelated industries can be misleading given very different business models.

Seasonal fluctuations — seasonal businesses can show large swings in the ratio depending on when the snapshot is taken.

Doesn’t measure profitability — a company can have strong liquidity while still losing money on core operations.

Doesn’t predict future cash flow — it’s a snapshot of past balance sheet data, not a forecast of what’s coming.

Inventory exclusion may distort retail businesses — fast-turning retail inventory is often nearly as liquid as receivables, so excluding it can understate real liquidity.

Accounts receivable quality varies — the ratio treats all receivables as equally collectible, ignoring customers who may be slow or unlikely to pay.

One-time balance sheet effects — a large one-off receipt or payment near the reporting date can temporarily skew the ratio.

Doesn’t include financing access — a business with an unused credit line may be financially safer than its Quick Ratio alone suggests.

Snapshot at a single point in time — it reflects one balance sheet date, not a trend, so a single reading can mislead without historical context.

🏭 Industries Where Quick Ratio Matters Most

The ideal Quick Ratio differs enormously across industries, largely based on how much of total assets sits in inventory versus cash and receivables:

Manufacturing — heavy inventory and raw materials make the gap between Current and Quick Ratio especially wide.

Retail — inventory dominates current assets, so Quick Ratio often runs well below Current Ratio.

Banking — largely financial-instrument-based balance sheets keep this ratio close to the Current Ratio.

Technology — minimal inventory means Quick and Current Ratio are often nearly identical.

Healthcare — receivables-heavy billing cycles make Quick Ratio a critical watch metric.

Construction — project-based billing and materials inventory create significant liquidity timing risk.

Logistics — capital-intensive operations with tight margins make liquidity monitoring essential.

E-commerce — inventory turnover speed varies widely, making Quick Ratio a useful cross-check on Current Ratio.

Wholesale — large inventory volumes moved at thin margins make immediate liquidity especially important.

Service businesses — little to no inventory means Quick Ratio typically tracks very close to the Current Ratio.

This spread explains why comparing raw Quick Ratios across industries can be misleading. A manufacturer’s Quick Ratio of 0.8 might reflect perfectly normal, healthy operations, while the same 0.8 at a software company could signal genuine liquidity stress. Always benchmark against direct industry peers rather than a single universal number.

💡 Tips to Improve Your Quick Ratio

Increase cash reserves — retaining a larger share of profits builds a stronger liquidity cushion over time.

Collect receivables faster — tightening credit terms and following up promptly turns receivables into usable cash sooner.

Reduce short-term debt — paying down current liabilities directly improves the ratio’s denominator.

Improve inventory management — while inventory doesn’t count toward Quick Ratio, leaner inventory frees up cash that does.

Refinance liabilities — converting short-term debt into longer-term financing reduces near-term obligations.

Control expenses — disciplined cost management preserves more cash on the balance sheet.

Negotiate supplier terms — extending payment terms with suppliers eases near-term cash pressure.

Improve cash flow forecasting — better visibility into upcoming cash needs helps avoid last-minute liquidity crunches.

Avoid unnecessary prepaid expenses — minimizing prepayments keeps more current assets in the “quick” category.

Optimize working capital — coordinating inventory, receivables, and payables together improves overall liquidity efficiency.

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

Click any question to expand the answer.

What is a good Quick Ratio? ＋

A Quick Ratio of 1.0 or higher is generally considered good, meaning a business can cover all its current liabilities using only cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable — without needing to sell inventory. Ratios between 1 and 2 are often seen as a healthy, comfortable range for most businesses. That said, what counts as “good” varies by industry: capital-intensive businesses with heavy inventory needs may operate perfectly well below 1.0, while asset-light service or technology companies often run well above it. Always compare a company’s Quick Ratio against its own historical trend and against direct industry peers rather than judging it against a single universal benchmark.

Is a Quick Ratio of 2 good? ＋

A Quick Ratio of 2 generally indicates strong liquidity — the business holds roughly twice the liquid assets it needs to cover its current liabilities using cash, receivables, and marketable securities alone. In most cases this is a positive sign of financial safety and resilience during downturns. However, a very high Quick Ratio can also suggest a company is sitting on excess idle cash or underused receivables that could be deployed more productively — through reinvestment, debt reduction, share buybacks, or dividends. Whether a ratio of 2 is “too high” depends heavily on the industry, the company’s growth stage, and its strategic priorities at that moment.

Can the Quick Ratio be negative? ＋

No, the Quick Ratio itself cannot technically be negative under normal accounting circumstances, since both quick assets (cash, receivables, marketable securities) and current liabilities are typically reported as positive figures on the balance sheet. However, a Quick Ratio can fall very close to zero, which signals extremely serious liquidity concerns even though it isn’t mathematically negative. In rare, unusual accounting situations — such as a company reporting negative cash due to overdrafts recorded unusually — the calculation could theoretically produce an unusual result, but this is not standard and should be investigated as a red flag rather than treated as a normal reading.

Why is inventory excluded from the Quick Ratio? ＋

Inventory is excluded because it must first be sold — often on credit terms — before it becomes usable cash, and that process carries genuine risk and delay. Items may sell more slowly than expected, require markdowns to move, or in worst-case scenarios, not sell at all during an economic downturn or shift in consumer demand. By stripping inventory out entirely, the Quick Ratio measures only assets that are already cash or can be converted to a known cash amount almost immediately and reliably. This makes it a much stricter, more conservative test of liquidity than the Current Ratio, which is exactly the point — it’s designed to answer a worst-case question, not an optimistic one.

What is the Acid-Test Ratio? ＋

The Acid-Test Ratio is simply another, older name for the Quick Ratio — the two terms are used interchangeably in finance. The name traces back to a historical practice where prospectors and jewelers applied nitric acid to a metal sample to quickly and definitively verify whether it was genuine gold, since the acid would react visibly with impure metals but leave real gold unaffected. Financial analysts borrowed the phrase because this ratio performs a similarly decisive, no-nonsense test on a company’s balance sheet — cutting through anything that merely looks liquid on paper to reveal what’s actually, provably available to cover obligations right now.

How often should businesses calculate the Quick Ratio? ＋

Most businesses calculate their Quick Ratio quarterly, alongside standard financial statement preparation, giving management, lenders, and investors a regular, consistent read on liquidity trends over time. Companies operating with tighter cash positions, going through rapid growth, facing seasonal demand swings, or navigating economic uncertainty often benefit from checking it monthly instead, since liquidity conditions can shift quickly and a quarterly snapshot alone might miss an emerging problem. Tracking the ratio over several consecutive periods, rather than relying on a single reading, is generally far more useful for spotting genuine trends versus one-time balance sheet noise.

What industries use the Quick Ratio most? ＋

Industries with significant inventory holdings — manufacturing, retail, wholesale distribution, construction, and e-commerce — rely on the Quick Ratio most heavily, since it’s precisely where the gap between Current Ratio and Quick Ratio tends to be widest and most meaningful. Lenders and credit analysts evaluating businesses in these sectors pay especially close attention to Quick Ratio because a strong-looking Current Ratio can mask real liquidity weakness once slow-moving or obsolete inventory is stripped out of the picture. Banking, technology, and professional services businesses, by contrast, often see less divergence between the two ratios since they hold comparatively little inventory to begin with.

Can investors use the Quick Ratio? ＋

Yes, investors use the Quick Ratio regularly as part of fundamental analysis, particularly when assessing a company’s resilience heading into an economic downturn or evaluating downside risk before committing capital. A strong Quick Ratio can signal that a company has the financial cushion to weather a sales slowdown, a supplier dispute, or a temporarily closed credit market without being forced into distressed asset sales or emergency financing on unfavorable terms. It’s especially useful when comparing companies within the same industry, screening for financially fragile businesses, or double-checking that a company’s reported liquidity isn’t being artificially inflated by slow-moving inventory sitting on the balance sheet.

Can startups have a low Quick Ratio? ＋

Yes, startups can and often do run low Quick Ratios, particularly if they’re burning through recently raised capital on growth, hiring, product development, or marketing before revenue has scaled to match expenses. A low Quick Ratio at a startup isn’t automatically a red flag the way it might be for an established company, provided there’s a clear, credible plan for reaching profitability or securing additional funding before cash runs out. That said, investors and lenders still watch this metric closely at early-stage companies, since a sharply declining Quick Ratio trend — often called the “cash runway” problem in startup circles — is one of the clearest early warning signs of an approaching cash crisis.

Is a higher Quick Ratio always better? ＋

Not necessarily. While a higher Quick Ratio generally signals stronger short-term financial safety, an excessively high ratio can also indicate a business is holding too much idle cash or uncollected receivables instead of reinvesting in growth, paying down more expensive long-term debt, or returning capital to shareholders. Efficient capital allocation matters just as much as raw liquidity strength. The ideal Quick Ratio balances genuine financial safety against not leaving too much capital sitting unproductively on the balance sheet — which is why context, industry norms, and company strategy all matter more than chasing the highest possible number.

How does the Quick Ratio differ from the Current Ratio? ＋

The Current Ratio divides all current assets — including inventory and prepaid expenses — by current liabilities, giving a broad view of short-term financial position. The Quick Ratio strips both inventory and prepaid expenses out first, leaving only cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts receivable in the numerator. This makes the Quick Ratio a stricter, more conservative test that’s particularly useful for inventory-heavy businesses, where a healthy-looking Current Ratio can sometimes mask a much weaker underlying ability to pay bills immediately without relying on inventory sales.

What happens if current liabilities increase? ＋

If current liabilities increase while quick assets stay the same, the Quick Ratio will fall, signaling weaker short-term liquidity relative to obligations. This commonly happens when a business takes on more short-term debt, delays paying suppliers longer, or accrues more near-term expenses without a matching increase in cash or receivables. A rising liabilities trend alongside a falling Quick Ratio is worth investigating closely — it can be a normal, temporary fluctuation tied to seasonal purchasing, or it can be an early warning sign of a business gradually outspending its available liquidity.

Can the Quick Ratio predict bankruptcy? ＋

The Quick Ratio alone cannot reliably predict bankruptcy, but a persistently low or steadily declining Quick Ratio is one of several warning signs that credit analysts and distress researchers watch closely as part of broader financial health models. Bankruptcy typically results from a combination of factors — weak liquidity, unsustainable debt levels, declining profitability, and poor cash flow management working together over time, not from a single ratio reading. That said, businesses that fail often show a clearly deteriorating Quick Ratio trend in the periods leading up to serious financial distress, which is why it remains a valuable early-warning input rather than a standalone predictive tool.

Should banks consider the Quick Ratio? ＋

Banks and other lenders routinely consider the Quick Ratio as part of their standard credit underwriting process, since it provides a conservative, no-assumptions view of a borrower’s ability to repay short-term debt without relying on inventory that might not sell as expected. It’s frequently referenced in loan covenants, where a business may be contractually required to maintain a minimum Quick Ratio throughout the life of the loan. Falling below that threshold can trigger a covenant violation, giving the lender the right to demand repayment, adjust loan terms, or take other protective action — making this ratio a genuinely consequential number for borrowers, not just an academic metric.

How accurate is this calculator? ＋

This calculator applies the standard Quick Ratio formula precisely, so the result will always be mathematically accurate given the figures you enter. The accuracy of the final interpretation, however, depends entirely on the quality and recency of the balance sheet data used — outdated figures, misclassified assets, or incomplete current liabilities will all produce a technically correct calculation that doesn’t reflect current reality. For the most reliable result, always pull figures from a recent, complete balance sheet, and interpret the output alongside industry benchmarks and other financial metrics rather than as a standalone verdict on financial health.

❌ Common Mistakes

Even experienced accountants and analysts occasionally miscalculate or misread the Quick Ratio. Watch out for these common errors:

Using total assets instead of current assets — including long-term assets like property and equipment badly overstates the ratio.

Including fixed assets — equipment, buildings, and other long-term holdings don’t belong anywhere in this calculation.

Including inventory incorrectly — forgetting to subtract inventory defeats the entire purpose of the ratio.

Ignoring prepaid expenses — leaving these in the numerator overstates real, usable liquidity.

Using outdated balance sheet data — stale figures can badly mislead, since liquidity positions shift quickly.

Using average liabilities incorrectly — mixing an averaged liabilities figure with a point-in-time assets figure distorts the result.

Comparing different industries — a 0.6 Quick Ratio might be normal for a manufacturer and alarming for a software company.

Ignoring seasonal changes — a single snapshot near a seasonal peak or trough can distort the full-year liquidity picture.

Relying only on one ratio — Quick Ratio should always be read alongside Current Ratio, cash flow, and profitability metrics.

Misinterpreting high ratios — assuming a very high number is automatically good, without considering idle-asset inefficiency.

📚 Related Financial Ratios

The Quick Ratio works best as part of a broader liquidity and solvency review. Related ratios worth exploring include:

Current Ratio — the broader liquidity ratio that includes inventory and prepaid expenses.

Cash Ratio — an even stricter test using only cash and cash equivalents.

Working Capital — the dollar-value cushion of current assets over current liabilities.

Inventory Turnover Ratio — shows how efficiently the inventory excluded from Quick Ratio actually sells.

Debt Ratio — measures overall leverage against total assets.

Debt-to-Equity Ratio — shows how much debt financing a company relies on relative to equity.

💧 Current Ratio Calculator Check the broader liquidity picture including inventory.	📦 Inventory Turnover Ratio Calculator See how efficiently the excluded inventory actually sells.
📉 Debt Ratio Calculator Review overall leverage alongside short-term liquidity.	⚖️ Debt-to-Equity Ratio Calculator See how much debt financing a company relies on.

🏁 Conclusion

The Quick Ratio strips liquidity down to what genuinely matters in a real cash crunch: can this business pay its bills right now using assets that are already cash or can become cash almost immediately, without waiting on inventory to sell? That precision, borrowed from the historical “acid test” for genuine gold, is exactly what makes this one of the most trusted liquidity checks in finance — used daily by lenders, investors, accountants, and business owners alike.

Its value comes from what it deliberately leaves out. By excluding inventory and prepaid expenses, the Quick Ratio cuts through balance sheet optimism and gives a conservative, worst-case answer that the broader Current Ratio sometimes can’t provide — particularly for manufacturers, retailers, and other inventory-heavy businesses where the gap between the two ratios can be substantial and meaningful.

Calculate your Quick Ratio regularly — quarterly at minimum, monthly if cash is tight or conditions are uncertain — and track it as a trend rather than a single snapshot. A steadily improving Quick Ratio usually signals disciplined financial management, while a declining trend deserves attention before it becomes a genuine liquidity crisis.

Use this Quick Ratio Calculator to check your own numbers today, then explore our related Current Ratio, Inventory Turnover Ratio, Debt Ratio, and Debt-to-Equity Ratio calculators to build a complete, well-rounded picture of financial health before making any lending, investment, or strategic business decision.

Disclaimer: This Quick Ratio Calculator and the accompanying content are provided for educational and informational purposes only and do not constitute financial, accounting, or investment advice. Industry benchmark ranges are general estimated figures for illustration and vary by company, region, and economic conditions. Example figures are illustrative and do not represent specific companies. This ratio should be interpreted alongside other financial metrics — such as the Current Ratio, cash flow, and profitability — rather than in isolation. Always consult a qualified accountant or financial advisor for guidance specific to your business. Authoritative references on liquidity analysis and accounting standards include the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the IFRS Foundation, FINRA, the Corporate Finance Institute (CFI), the American Institute of CPAs (AICPA), and Investopedia.